When can the police use K9 to conduct a sniff of a lawfully stopped vehicle? – by Clay Smith

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When can the police use K9 to conduct a sniff of a lawfully stopped vehicle? – by Clay Smith

 

As a result of the recent United States Supreme Court Decision in: RODRIGUEZ v UNITED STATES there has been a lot of discussion, concern, confusion, and controversy on the issue of using a K9 to sniff a vehicle during or after a traffic stop.  Actually I am unsure why this case has received as much publicity as it has.  The decision of the court is not a new concept at all and I will go into that in more detail a bit later.  Basically this case has very little to do with the K9 and very much to do with the seizure.

In basic terms the Fourth Amendment covers two things; a search, and a seizure.  The courts have generally found that the “k9 sniff” of the “free air” surrounding a vehicle during an otherwise lawful traffic stop is not considered to be a search.

Search: the operator or occupants do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the air that surrounds their vehicle so there is no 4th amendment search consideration of the K9 sniff.  So a K9 sniff may be conducted on a vehicle at any time during the “normal course of business” of the traffic stop without the sniff being considered a search.  I think we all have a pretty good understanding that the use of a K9 to sniff the vehicle does not constitute a search in this instance.  If a, (trained, certified, and reliable), K9 provides an alert to the vehicle during this sniff then the alert, in most jurisdictions, is considered to be probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains contraband.  Since probable cause is established a search may be conducted on the vehicle based on the “vehicle exception” to the warrant requirement.

Seizure: So what is the “normal course of business?”  this is the time period that the officer uses to speak to the driver, ask questions related to the reason for the stop or travel, run any license checks, warrant checks, criminal history checks, and write out a warning or citation and explain the violation or follow up procedure to the driver.  This is the time period that the seizure of the driver, occupants, and vehicle is taking place as a result of the initial traffic stop.  If a K9 sniff is conducted during this time period and does not prolong the time of the stop then the there is no 4th amendment seizure implicated by the K9 sniff.  Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405 (2005), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Fourth Amendment is not violated when the use of a drug-sniffing dog during a routine traffic stop does not unreasonably prolong the length of the stop.

Now things start to get interesting at the completion of this stop.  Any K-9 sniff conducted after the stop has officially concluded will still not be considered a search and therefore will have no 4th amendment search implications attached.  However, if a K9 sniff is conducted after the stop is completed then a separate seizure (of the driver, occupants, and vehicle) has occurred. This seizure must be based on reasonable suspicion, probable cause, or consent.

The Supreme Court decision in Rodriguez v United States is not a new concept.  I repeat…This is nothing new, no huge change, no landmark decision here.

DENNYS RODRIGUEZ, PETITIONER v. UNITED STATES

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
April 21, 2015

JUSTICE GINSBURG delivered the opinion of the Court.

In Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U. S. 405 (2005), this Court held that a dog sniff conducted during a lawful traffic stop does not violate the Fourth Amendment’s proscription of unreasonable seizures. This case presents the question whether the Fourth Amendment tolerates a dog sniff conducted after completion of a traffic stop. We hold that a police stop exceeding the time needed to handle the matter for which the stop was made violates the Constitution’s shield against unreasonable seizures. A seizure justified only by a police-observed traffic violation, therefore, “become

[s] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete th[e] mission” of issuing a ticket for the violation. Id., at 407. The Court so recognized in Caballes, and we adhere to the line drawn in that decision.

US v. Hill (6C 1999) 195 F3 258, 264 [“Once the purpose of the traffic stop is completed, a motorist cannot be further detained unless something that occurred during the stop caused the officer to have a reasonable and articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot.”] The court in Caballes cautioned that a traffic stop “can become unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete the mission” of issuing warnings, etc.

Rodriguez v United States began in Nebraska which is under the jurisdiction of the 8th Circuit and the legal journey of the case is as follows:

  1. Rodriguez was charged federally with drug charges
  2. Rodriguez has a suppression hearing. As a result of the hearing the Judge rules that the officer lacked reasonable suspicion to extend the stop for the purpose of the sniff. However, he reasons that the 7 or 8 minute delay was a “de minimis” intrusion of Rodriguez’s personal liberty and for that reason was permissible. Motion to suppress was denied.
  3. Rodriguez enters a conditional plea of guilty, was sentenced to 5 years, appeals to 8th Circuit.
  4. 8th Circuit agreed with the trial judge that the 7 ot 8 minute delay was “de minimis”, however the court declined to reach the question whether the officer had reasonable suspicion to con­tinue Rodriguez’s detention after issuing the written warning.
  5. Rodriguez appeals to U.S. Supreme Court.
  6. Supreme Court disagrees with both the trial judge and the 8th circuit on the “de minimis” issue and rules that any detention that exceeded the time needed for the stop is unreasonable. It is also important to note here that the Supreme Court mentions the 8th Circuit’s failure to address the issue of whether or not the officer had probable cause to extend the detention. Recognizing this as an important issue in the case the Supreme Court vacated the Circuit Courts previous decision and remanded the case back to them for further proceedings to address the issue.

 

So what does this all mean for the dog and the handler?

  • If the sniff you conduct on a vehicle during a traffic stop does not prolong the stop there are no 4th amendment issues.
  • If the sniff you conduct on a vehicle during or after a traffic stop prolongs the time of the stop then the extended seizure must be supported by reasonable suspicion (or consent).
  • For my Arkansas Officers this does not apply to you because the State of Arkansas does not recognize a consensual encounter following a traffic stop but for all the rest of you guys reading this…If you choose to end your stop and go into a consensual encounter and are denied consent to search, or to run the dog, and you have no additional reasonable suspicion, then the only option you have is to end your contact, hit the road, and find the next violator.

We have not likely heard the end of the Rodriguez case as most likely the 8th Circuit will review this to see if the officer had reasonable suspicion to extend the stop.  Interestingly enough 2 of the 3 dissenting judges, Justice Thomas and Justice Alito made some pretty good observations on the reasonableness of the extended detention.

“Rodriguez suffered no Fourth Amendment violation here for an entirely inde­pendent reason: Officer Struble had reasonable suspicion to continue to hold him for investigative purposes. Our precedents make clear that the Fourth Amendment per­mits an officer to conduct an investigative traffic stop when that officer has “a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal activity.” Prado Navarette, 572 U. S.at ___ (slip op., at 3) (internal quotation marks omitted). Reasonable suspicion is determined by looking at “the whole picture,” ibid., taking into account “the factual and practical considera­tions of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act,” Ornelas v. United States, 517 U. S. 690, 695 (1996) (internal quotation marks omitted).Officer Struble testified that he first became suspicious that Rodriguez was engaged in criminal activity for a number of reasons. When he approached the vehicle, he smelled an “overwhelming odor of air freshener coming from the vehicle,” which is, in his experience, “a common attempt to conceal an odor that [people] don’t want . . . to be smelled by the police.” App. 20–21. He also observed, upon approaching the front window on the passenger side of the vehicle, that Rodriguez’s passenger, Scott Pollman, appeared nervous. Pollman pulled his hat down low, puffed nervously on a cigarette, and refused to make eye contact with him. The officer thought he was “more nerv­ous than your typical passenger” who “doesn’t have anything to worry about because [t]hey didn’t commit a[traffic] violation.” Id., at 34.

Officer Struble’s interactions with the vehicle’s occu­pants only increased his suspicions. When he asked Rodriguez why he had driven onto the shoulder, Rodriguez claimed that he swerved to avoid a pothole. But that story could not be squared with Officer Struble’s observation of the vehicle slowly driving off the road before being jerked back onto it. And when Officer Struble asked Pollman where they were coming from and where they were going, Pollman told him they were traveling from Omaha, Ne­braska, back to Norfolk, Nebraska, after looking at a vehicle they were considering purchasing. Pollman told the officer that he had neither seen pictures of the vehicle nor confirmed title before the trip. As Officer Struble explained, it “seemed suspicious” to him “to drive . . .approximately two hours . . . late at night to see a vehicle sight unseen to possibly buy it,” id., at 26, and to go from Norfolk to Omaha to look at it because “[u]sually people leave Omaha to go get vehicles, not the other way around” due to higher Omaha taxes, id., at 65.

These facts, taken together, easily meet our standard for reasonable suspicion. “[N]ervous, evasive behavior is a pertinent factor in determining reasonable suspicion,” Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U. S. 119, 124 (2000), and both vehicle occupants were engaged in such conduct. The officer also recognized heavy use of air freshener, which, in his experience, indicated the presence of contraband in the vehicle. “[C]ommonsense judgments and inferences about human behavior” further support the officer’s conclusion that Pollman’s story about their trip was likely a cover story for illegal activity. Id., at 125. Taking into account all the relevant facts, Officer Struble possessed reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to conduct the dog sniff. Rodriguez contends that reasonable suspicion cannot exist because each of the actions giving rise to the officer’s suspicions could be entirely innocent, but our cases easily dispose of that argument. Acts that, by themselves, might be innocent can, when taken together, give rise to reason­able suspicion. United States v. Arvizu, 534 U. S. 266, 274–275 (2002). Terry is a classic example, as it involved two individuals repeatedly walking back and forth, looking into a store window, and conferring with one another as well as with a third man. 392 U. S., at 6. The Court reasoned that this “series of acts, each of them perhaps innocent in itself, . . . together warranted further investi­gation,” id., at 22, and it has reiterated that analysis in a number of cases, see, e.g., Arvizusupra, at 277; United States v. Sokolow, 490 U. S. 1, 9–10 (1989). This one is no different.

 

By |2019-01-07T19:19:52-06:00April 25th, 2015|Categories: K9 Legal Issues, Law Enforcement Topics|4 Comments

About the Author:

Owner/Trainer at Clay's Top Dog | 15+ Year Law Enforcement Officer | 12+ Year Police K9 Handler | Certified Law Enforcement Instructor | State of Arkansas K9 Certifying Official | DrugBeat National Certifying Official | Instructor at Little Rock K9 Academy | Serves on the Board of Directors for the Friends of the Conway Animal Shelter 501(c)(3) F.O.C.A.S.

4 Comments

  1. abel montes June 2, 2015 at 3:14 am - Reply

    How many times is a free air dog search allowed to circle car before it is excessive.

    • Clay July 3, 2015 at 9:18 am - Reply

      Abel, there is not a black or white answer on this question. The problem with numerous “circles” is that it can lead a dog to indicate based on over-presentation. It is going to come down to each individual dog and handler as to the number of passes that are made. If your dog is not actually checking the you would obviously have to present more times to have the sniff conducted, however if he does check adequately then I would limit to no more than 3 passes. Sometime I would give the dog “his nose” on the first pass and let him check it at his own pace and then detail the areas I wanted checked on the other two passes to ensure that I was checking both high and low.

  2. Eric Petetsen September 6, 2015 at 10:52 am - Reply

    Have you read the decision from the 8th court that came down last Thursday(09-03-15) about the Rodriguez case? It seems the court has applied the Davis “good faith exemption” and is saying the time the stop can be extended is objectively reasonable. It seems the higher Court is throwing this back down to let each jurisdiction determine on a case by case basis what is a reasonable extension of the stop. That’s what I’m getting from reading it anyhow. Anyone have more info on this?

    • Clay September 6, 2015 at 1:30 pm - Reply

      Eric, I have read the decision and actually posted a short response the day of on the Little Rock K9 Academy FB Page. https://www.facebook.com/littlerockk9academy

      In actuality this case going to the Supreme Court has set the new standard by which the lower courts will have to adhere to from this point on. However, since this was not clearly established case law at the time of the event the 8th circuit applied the good faith exception which pretty much says that since the offers were acting in accordance with accepted case law at the time they are allowed to do that THIS TIME. SCOTUS in their decision in this case only addressed the reasonableness of an extension of a traffic stop for the purpose of the dog sniff. Their ruling made it clear that any extension of a traffic stop absent reasonable suspicion is a seizure violation of the 4th. The reason in my opinion it was kicked back for remand was because the 8th failed to make a determination in this case as to whether or not the officer had the reasonable suspicion for the detention. At least one dissenting Supreme Court Justice implied that he believed their was reasonable suspicion for the extended detention and that is what the case should have been about. But to be clear it is not up to each jurisdiction as to whether or not a detention was reasonably extended if there is no reasonable suspicion for the detention then any extension (even 1 second) of the stop will be unconstitutional. It is up to each jurisdiction to make a determination of the existence of reasonable suspicion to justify the extension. Now just like this case, even though there is new guidelines going forward, any jurisdiction could rule that there was a “good faith exception” to any event that took place prior to SCOTUS ruling in Rodriguez v. US

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